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考研英語長難句(精選)
考研英語長難句1
( 20xx年真題Section Ⅱ Reading Comprehension Part A Text 2第2段 第2句)
The latest was a panel from the National Academy of Sciences, enlisted by the White House, to tell us
主語 系動詞 表語 后置定語1 后置定語2 后置定語3
that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming and that the problem is largely man-made.
賓語從句1 連詞 賓語從句2
譯文:最近一次,是白宮召集的美國國家科學院的專家組告訴人們,地球的大氣層確實在變暖,而這一問題主要是人類造成的。
分析:該句中含有很多后置定語,需要在理解的時候找到句子主干,并認清定語成分。該句的`主干為The latest was a panel…,表語panel 后面有三個后置定語,包括由介詞from和過去分詞enlisted引導的結構,以及不定式to tell us…。其中不定式結構中含有兩個并列的賓語從句,由and連接,分別為that the Earth’s atmosphere is definitely warming和that the problem is largely man-made。
【詞匯解析】
panel ['pnl](n.)面板;控制板,儀表盤;座談小組,專門小組(CET-4)(20xx年-閱讀2、20xx年-閱讀2)(pan=plane-平面,el-后綴 → 面板——引申為“控制板,儀表盤”。而該詞之所以還表示“座談小組”,是因為“座談小組”在開會時都是圍坐在一張圓桌前。)
enlist [inlist](v.)征募,入伍;謀取,贏得(支持等)(超綱詞匯)(20xx年-閱讀2)(en=in-向里,進入,list-單子 → 把名字寫入單子里面——即“入伍,招募”,引申為“謀取,贏得(支持等)”;因為“謀取支持”的過程,就是“招募”支持者的過程。)
考研英語長難句2
除了單詞外,長難句也是考研英語中的一大難題,嚴格意義上來講,叫長難句并不準確,因為也有很多短確很難理解的句子,所以難句在考研英語中分為三類:約定俗成的表達(諺語),虛假長難句,真正的長難句。
一 約定俗成的表達
這類句子就是我們所說的諺語,在英語中有很多這樣的句子,
例如:Faith will move mountains.(精誠所至金石為開)
No pains, no gains.(一份耕耘,一分收獲)
Like father,like son.(虎父無犬女)
考試中有很多這樣的表達,對于這一類難句,同學注意在平時的積累。
二 虛假長難句
As funding for science has declined, scientists have attacked anti-science in several books, notably Higher Superstition, by Paul R.Gross, a biologist at the University of Virginia, and Norman Levitt, a mathematician at Rutgers University; and The Demon-Haunted World, by Carl Sagan of Cornell University.
第一眼看到這句話很長,但仔細看會發現里邊有很多大寫的專有名詞,分別為書名,人名,地名,學校的名字等,這些在我們的英語試卷中常常出現,但并不重要,因為都是對于人物身份地位的介紹,我們只要弄清人物的觀點態度就足夠了。
三 真正的長難句
這類句子才是我們考試中真正的敵人,例如20xx年考研英語(一)翻譯:
His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness among those who may believe that the global position of English is so stable that the young generations of the United Kingdom do not need additional languages capabilities.
我們都知道一個句子里有且只能有一個謂語動詞,如果有多個謂語動詞,一定有與之相連的從屬連詞,我們看這個句子里邊的動詞有 should end may believe is do not need, 從屬連詞有 who that that, 從屬連詞與其后面最近的謂語動詞構成從句結構,所以who 與may believe, that 與is, that 與do not need, 構成從句結構,而should end 前沒有從屬連詞,所以是句子真正的謂語動詞,among后是整個句子的'介詞結構,所以句子的主干為His analysis should therefore end any self-contentedness。所以當遇到一個長而復雜的句子時,以動詞和從屬連詞為突破口,層層剖析,復雜的句子也就簡單了。
長難句是考研英語中的難題,也是基礎,所以同學們在基礎階段一定要注重長難句的復習。
考研英語長難句3
長難句:The phenomenon provides a way for companies to remain globally competitive while avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans.
結構剖析:本句的主干是The phenomenon provides a way,后面的for companies to remain globally competitive修飾a way ,作定語。while之后的現在分詞結構avoiding market cycles and the growing burdens...作狀語,其中avoiding的.邏輯主語是前面的帶兩個賓語,一個是market cycles ,另一個是the growing burdens ...,而過去分詞結構imposed by employment rules, healthcare costs and pension plans又作the growing burdens的定語。
核心詞匯:phenomenom現象
impose強加,征稅
globally在全球,就全球而言
pension養老金,年金
market cycle市場周期
參考譯文:這一現象給公司提供了一種方式,使它們既能夠保持全球競爭力,又能避免市場周期與就業法規、醫療成本和養老金方案等造成的不斷加重的負擔。
考研英語長難句4
Women who live in areas of high air pollution, exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fores, are at increased risk of heart disease and death, according to a study.
【核心詞匯】
expose v.揭露,揭發;暴露
Invisible a.無形的,看不見的
Risk n.風險
According to 根據
【結構分析】
主系表結構。句子主干是women are at increased risk of heart disease and death,定語從句who live in areas of high air pollution修飾主語women,過去分詞短語exposed to invisible particles from traffic fumes, coal-fired power stations and wood fores做主語women的后置定語,句子末尾的according to a study做全句的狀語。
【參考譯文】
根據一項研究,生活在空氣污染嚴重地區的女性,暴露在車輛尾氣、燃煤發電廠、森林火災所產生和排放的無形的.微小顆粒中,患心臟病及死亡的風險增加。
考研英語長難句5
英語句型看似復雜多變,其實源于兩大鉆石句型,即主謂賓(本句型總共有4種形式,分別因謂語動詞的不同特點而決定謂語之后有無賓語或補足語,具體為:主語+謂語、主語+謂語+賓語、主語+謂語+間接賓語+直接賓語、主語+謂語+賓語+賓語補足語,為了簡明扼要的說明問題,本部分將其總結為一種句型“主語+謂語+賓語”)、主系表。每一成分皆可復雜化,由此加大了句子的理解難度。下面就演示一下這兩大基本句型是如何擴展成復雜的長難句的。
鉆石句型:①主語+謂語+賓語(S+V+O)
②主語+系動詞+表語(S+V+P)
一、句子擴展:修飾成分加長
(一)鉆石句型①主謂賓句型
The boy (主語) likes (謂語) English (賓語).
1.主語擴展:
The clever boy likes English.
The boy with a book in his hand likes English.
The boy who is full of imagination likes English.
The clever boy who is full of imagination with a book in his hand likes English.
注:主語中心詞為the boy, 可以通過加形容詞、介詞短語、定語從句及其組合等成分使主語復雜化,從而增加理解難度。考研翻譯中的主語考點多為修飾成分繁多的主語。
2.謂語擴展:
The boy likes English very much.
The boy likes English out of interest.
The boy likes English influenced by his parents.
The boy likes English, hoping that one day he can go abroad.
The boy liked English when he was five years old.
注:謂語動詞like通過添加副詞短語、介詞短語、現在分詞短語、過去分詞短語、狀語從句等進行擴展,從而使句子變得復雜,增加了理解難度。考研翻譯中注意找準動詞及其修飾成分,以弄清邏輯關系。
3.賓語擴展:
The boy likes American English.
The boy likes English, the international language.
The boy likes English which is the most widely spoken language in the world.
The boy likes English spoken by many people nowadays.
The boy likes English, a beautiful language, spoken by many people living in every corner of the world.
注:賓語English通過添加形容詞(短語)、同位語、定語從句、分詞短語及其組合進行擴展,從而使簡單句變得復雜化。考研翻譯中要注意這些修飾成分,如分詞結構要找出邏輯主語等,定語從句要找出先行詞,等等。
(二)鉆石句型②主系表句型
The girl (主語) is (系動詞) Mary (表語).
各部分擴展:
The girl in a pink hat with a book in her hand is probably Mary a kind-hearted girl of inexhaustible energy which often amazes her classmates.
注:此句的擴展同上(也是通過添加修飾成分變復雜),不再贅述。
二、句子擴展:成分替換
句子的復雜不僅體現在修飾成分繁多上,還體現在句子成分本身的復雜化上,下面就通過句子成分由簡單到復雜的替換來演示句子是如何變難的。
(一)鉆石句型①主謂賓句型
主語擴展:
The event amazed the world.
What happened on July 15, 20xx amazed the world.
To hold the 20xx Olympics in China amazes the world.
Holding the 20xx Olympics in China amazed the world.
That China is to hold the 20xx Olympics amazes the world.
注:由此可見,充當主語的除了簡單的名詞(短語)、代詞、數詞,還可以是形式比較復雜的動詞不定式(短語)、動名詞(短語)、主語從句。考研翻譯中明確這一點,才能打開思路,更好地劃分句子成分,從而做到真正理解句意,進而很好的用漢語表達出來。
賓語擴展:
He can hear me.
He can hear the strange sound.
He can hear anything happening in the building.
He can hear the sound from that building.
He can hear a girl crying in the building.
He can hear whatever happens in the building.
He decided to check what’s going on in the building.
He considered going to the building for a look.
注:由此可見,充當賓語的除了簡單的.名詞(短語)、代詞、數詞,還有形式比較復雜的動詞不定式(短語),動名詞(短語),賓語從句。同樣的,考研翻譯中明確這一點也非常重要,有助于打開思路,理清句子成分。
(二)鉆石句型②主系表句型
主語擴展:鉆石句型①中的主語擴展(成分替換)已經很明確了,此處不再重復。
表語擴展:
They are beautiful.
They are in the zoo.
They are beautiful animals in the zoo.
They are interested in the new invention.
To see is to believe.
That is what we are talking about.
注:由此可見,充當表語的成分繁多,有形容詞(短語),介詞短語,動詞不定式(短語),分詞(短語),名詞,表語從句。考研翻譯中若這些充當表語的成分變得更長一些,要注意識別。 三、示例
通過下面這個例子,并結合以上句子的擴展,體驗一下英文句子的各個成分及結構。
But science does provide us with the best available guide to the future, and it is critical that our nation and the world base important policies on the best judgments that science can provide concerning the future consequences of present actions.
解析:
并列句。第一個分句主干:science does provide us。其中with the best available guide to the future為狀語修飾provide, the best available和to the future分別為guide的前置定語和后置定語,由此本句賓語被復雜化: 第二個分句主干:it is critical that...,其中,it為形式主語,that從句為真正的主語,從句主語為名詞短語our nation and the world, base...on...為固定搭配,第二個that從句為judgments的定語從句,分詞結構concerning...為judgments的后置定語。
考研英語長難句6
To be sure, he performs an impressive variety of interesting compositions, but it is not necessary for me to visit Avery Fisher Hall, or anywhere else, to hear interesting orchestral music.
譯文:當然,他演繹了多種多樣有趣的作品,但我并沒有必要去艾弗瑞·費舍爾音樂廳或者其他地方聽一場有趣的交響樂演出。
分析:本句由連詞but連接的兩個分句組成。第一個分句中,To be sure為插入語,在句中起強調作用。第二個分句中,it為形式主語,真正的主語是不定式to visit Avery Fisher Hall…,for me是不定式的邏輯主語,即visit這個動作的發出者,to hear interesting orchestral music則是第二個分句的目的狀語。
【詞匯指南】
impressive [im'presiv](adj.)給人印象深刻的(CET-4)(ive-的.)
1個派生詞:
●impress [im'pres](vt.)壓印;給…留下印象,使銘記(高考詞匯)(im=in-向里,press-按,壓 → 向里壓、向里按——即“壓印”,引申為“給…留下印象,使銘記”。)
visit ['vizit](v./n.)參觀,訪問(中考詞匯)(vis-詞根,看,it-詞根,走 → 邊走邊看——即““參觀,訪問””)
1個派生詞:
●visitor [vizit](n.)參觀者,訪問者;來客(中考詞匯)(or-表人)
hall [h:l](n.)門廳;走廊,過道(中考詞匯)(h-無意義,all=cell-單人房間、單人牢房 → 源于“門廳、走廊”就像“單人房間”一樣狹窄。)
1個形近詞:
●hale[heil](vt.)強拉;硬拖(adj.)強壯的,健壯的(CET-6、考研詞匯)(有學者認為,“hale”一詞具有擬聲色彩,其發音似人們在勞動時所發出的“嘿喲、嘿喲”的呼吸聲——即“強拉;硬拖”,引申為“強壯的,健壯的”。)
2個近義詞:
●lobby ['lbi](n.)門廳;(會議)休息室(CET-6、考研詞匯)(有學者認為,lo=lay-放置;躺,bby=body-身體[d-b反向同源] → 放躺身體休息的地方——即“門廳;(會議室的)休息廳”;因為擺放著沙發的“門廳”和“(會議)休息室”都是供客人臨時休息的地方。)
●lounɡe [laund](n.)休息室;躺椅,臥榻(vi.)(懶洋洋地)倚靠,躺(高考詞匯)(lo=lobby-休息室;unɡ=bench-長椅,e-尾綴 → 擺放在休息室里的長椅——即“躺椅,臥榻”,引申為“(懶洋洋地)倚靠,躺”。)
考點搭配:cocktail lounge 雞尾酒會
考研英語長難句7
【提要】考研英語信息 : 20xx考研英語:長難句練習及解析【29】
Questions are increasingly being asked by the councils about how they can be sure that misconduct is not taking place on the grants they provide.
【核心詞匯】
increasingly ad.越來越多地,漸增地
council n.委員會,會議
misconduct n.不端行為,處理不當
grant n.撥款,授予物,同意
【結構分析】
本句主干為Questions are increasingly being asked about...,動作實施者by the councils構成了分隔結構,將ask和about分開。在翻譯時,我們可以化被動為主動,the council are increasingly asking questions about...,由介詞about后的.賓語由how they can be sure...充當。
【參考譯文】
各委員會越來越多地提出問題——關于他們如何能夠確保在他們同意的情況下避免發生處理不當的行為。
考研英語長難句8
The engines would have variable nozzles, which would be fully opened on take-off and landing, so that the exhaust would be slow and relatively quiet, and narrowed when the aircraft was cruising, providing the necessary speed.
【核心詞匯】
variable a.易變的,多變的
exhaust n.排氣,廢氣,排氣管
relatively ad.相當地,相對地 take-off起飛
【結構分析】
本句主句為The engines would have variable nozzles。其后的定語從句比較復雜,以逗號后and為切入點,得到which would be fully opened...and narrowed...,關系代詞which指代先行詞nozzles在從句中作主語。其中so that引導的結果狀語從句so that the exhaust would be slow and relatively quiet說明(nozzles)would be fully opened on take-off and landing情況發生時所產生的結果,句末的現在分詞結構providing the necessary speed作(nozzles)would be narrowed when the aircraft was cruising情況發生時的伴隨結果,其中when引導的'從句作時間狀語。
【參考譯文】
引擎將配有各種各樣的尾噴管,在起飛和降落時這些尾噴管會全部打開,這樣噴氣速度會下降,噪音也會更小;而在飛機巡航過程中,尾噴管將變小以保證必要的飛行速度。
考研英語長難句9
Drivers can instructed their car stereos to “play similar”, promoting the system to call up songs in the same musical genre.
【核心詞匯】instruct v.指導,命令 prompt v.促進,指示
【結構分析】本句主干是主謂賓結構:Drivers can instructed their car stereos to “play similar”。現在分詞結構 promoting the system to call up songs in the same musical genre做instructed...的賓語。
【參考譯文】駕駛者可以指令車內立體聲設備“播放相似音樂”,提示系統集合相同風格的音樂。
考研英語長難句10
【必備金句1】The organization of districts that meet the criteria suggested would make it possible to resolve the small-school problem in all except isolated and sparsely populated areas where such schools may have to be continued regardless of higher costs.
【詞匯及詞組】criteria (判斷的) 標準
resolve 解決〔問題、困難〕;下決心(resolve to do sth)
isolated 〔建筑物、村莊等〕孤零零的,偏僻的;〔人〕孤單的,孤獨的
sparsely populated 人口稀少的
regardless of 不管
【結構精析】本句的主干是The organization of districts would make it possible to resolve the small-school problem in all except isolated and sparsely populated areas. 其中that meet the criteria suggested 是The organization of districts的后置定語從句,where such schools may have to be continued regardless of higher costs在句中作isolated and sparsely populated areas的后置定語從句。
【參考翻譯】按照提出的標準進行校區的劃分,這可能會解決地區內學校規模小的問題,但對于偏遠的、人口稀少的地區,盡管花費比較大,規模小的.學校可能還得繼續辦下去。
【必備金句2】While warnings are often appropriate and necessary – the dangers of drug interactions, for example – and many are required by state or federal regulations, it is not clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured.
【詞匯及詞組】appropriate 恰當的;合適的
regulation 規則;條例;法令
liability 〔尤指法律上對還款、賠償等的〕責任,義務
【結構精析】本句的主干是it is not clear that they actually protect the manufacturers and sellers from liability if a customer is injured. 而While warnings are often appropriate and necessary and many are required by state or federal regulations是本句的讓步狀語從句。(注意:while除了可以引導時間狀語從句,還可引導讓步狀語從句,大家在理解句子時要注意區分該詞的用法),在讓步狀語從句中,the dangers of drug interactions, for example 為插入語,對第一個讓步小分句進行補充說明。
【參考翻譯】盡管警告常常是適當而且必須的——比如對于藥物相互作用的危險提出警告——許多警告還是按州或聯邦政府規定要求給出的,然而(我們) 并不清楚,如果顧客受到傷害時,這些警告是不是確實可以使得生產者和銷售者豁免責任。
以上兩個句子為大家精析的閱讀經典長難句,其中包括后置定語、定語從句及狀語從句、插入語等語法知識點,希望大家認真分析這兩個句子,進而掌握相關語法知識點,在翻譯時注意使用不同翻譯技巧進行翻譯處理。
考研英語長難句11
長難句1
Television is one of the means by which these feelings are created and conveyed—and perhaps never before has it served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe.
【核心詞匯】
1. serve to起作用,有助于;為...服務
2.convey [kn'vei] v.傳達,運輸
【具體分析】
本句由兩個并列句組成,第一分句包含一個which引導的定語從句,句子的主干為television is one of the means,第二個分句是一個倒裝句,其正常順序應該是it has never served so much to connect different peoples and nations as in the recent events in Europe before(就加強不同的民族和國家之間的聯系而言,電視以前還從來沒有像在最近的歐洲事件中那樣起過如此大的作用)。
【參考譯文】
電視是創造和傳遞感情的手段之一。也許在此之前,就加強不同的民族和國家之間的聯系而言,電視還從來沒有像在最近的歐洲事件中那樣起過如此大的作用。
長難句2
Being interested in the relationship of language and thought,Whorf developed the idea that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society.
【核心詞匯】
1.habitual [h'bitjul] a.習慣性的
2.determine [di't:min] v.決定
【具體分析】
此句的主干為Whorf developed the idea(Whorf形成了這樣的觀點),現在分詞短語Being interested in the relationship of language and thought(對語言與思維的關系很感興趣)作狀語,that the structure of language determines the structure of habitual thought in a society(在一個社會中,語言的結構決定習慣思維的結構)是the idea的同位語從句,說明是什么樣的idea,是idea的內容。
【參考譯文】
Whorf對語言與思維的關系很感興趣,他逐漸形成了這樣的.觀點:在一個社會中,語言的結構決定習慣思維的結構。
長難句3
Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”,with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.
【核心詞匯】
1. underlying [,nd'laii]a.潛在的
2. capable ['keipbl] a.有能力的
3.grievance ['ɡri:vns] n.抱怨,不平,不滿,埋怨
4.assumption ['smpn] n.假設(動詞原形為assume)
【具體分析】
本句的主干是Such behaviour is regarded as “all too human”( 這種行為被看作是“人之常情”),介詞短語with the underlying assumption that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance.是伴隨狀語,而that引導的同位語從句that other animals would not be capable of this finely developed sense of grievance(其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的埋怨意識)解釋前面的名詞assumption。
【參考譯文】
這種行為被看作是“人之常情”,其潛在的假定是:其他動物不可能具有如此高度發達的埋怨意識。
考研英語長難句12
The study shows that nearly half the organizations featured in the Times Top 100 Graduates Employers plan to expand their graduate programs this year, increasing the total number of vacancies available for new graduates by more than 10 percent compared with 20xx recruitment levels.
【核心詞匯】graduate a.畢業生 v.畢業 vacancy n.空缺,空位 recruitment n.補充,征募新兵 compared with與……相比
【結構分析】本句是復合句。主干是主謂賓結構,其中謂語shows的賓語由that引導的.名詞性從句that nearly half the organizations featured in the Times Top 100 Graduates Employers plan to expand their graduate programs this year充當。現在分詞結構increasing the total number of vacancies available for new graduates by more than 10 percent compared with 20xx recruitment levels作狀語從句,可以理解為結果狀語,by表示增加的幅度。句末的過去分詞結構compared with 20xx recruitment levels作比較狀語。
【參考譯文】研究表明,《時代》重點介紹的排名前100名的畢業生雇主單位中有將近一半計劃今年將擴大畢業生招生規模,為新的畢業生增加利用的空缺職位數量,這個數量與20xx年的招募水平相比,會增加10%以上。
考研英語長難句13
Besides, this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional in a country as large as ours and where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations.
【核心詞匯】
involve v.涉及,卷入
professional n. 專業人員a.專業的,職業的
spread v.伸展,延展
corporation n.企業,社團,公司
【結構分析】
本句主干是 this is unlikely to produce the needed number of every kind of professional,這里的主語this指的是文章中的professional training,接著的地點狀語in a country,其中country后面帶了兩個定語,前一個是形容詞性的短語as large as ours,后一個是where引導的定語從句where the economy is spread over so many states and involves so many international corporations,而這個從句的主語the economy有兩個謂語動詞is和involves,后面都用了相似的結構so many,表示強調。
【參考譯文】
此外,在我們這么大的一個國家里,經濟延展到這么多的`州,涉及這么多的國際公司,因而要培養出所需數量的各類專業人員是不太可能的。
考研英語長難句14
Having succeeded as a convenient vehicle for every conceivable political and commercial slogan, the threads themselves are becoming the newest message, logically enough.
【核心詞匯】
succeed v.成功,繼承
convenient a.方便的
vehicle n.車輛,工具,媒介
commercial a.商業的,盈利的'
conceivable a.可能的,想得到的
slogan n.標語,吶喊聲
thread n.衣服,線狀物
logically ad.邏輯上,合乎邏輯
【結構分析】
本句為主從復合句。本句中的主語與從句中的主語一致,從句中省去主謂,造成分詞作伴隨狀語的形式。主句部分是the threads themselves are becoming the newest message, logically enough.,句末的logically enough是狀語。
【參考譯文】
成功作為政治和商業口號的一種便捷媒介物后,衣服本身也成為了最新的信息,這也是合乎邏輯的。
考研英語長難句15
It is difficult to the point of impossibility for the average reader under the age of forty to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers.
【核心詞匯】
high-quality a. 高質量的
criticism n.批評,批判
【結構分析】
it作形式主語,動詞不定式短語to imagine a time when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers在句中充當實際主語。其中的for average reader under the age of forty是動詞不定式短語中imagine這一動作的真正施動者,to the point of 表示“達到……的程度”,to the point of impossibility表示“達到幾乎不可能的程度”。另外,該短語中的when high-quality arts criticism could be found in most big-city newspapers是定語從句,用來修飾其前面表示時間概念的'名詞time。
【參考譯文】
40歲以下的普通讀者難以想象,甚至不可能想象出一個在許多大城市報紙上都能找到高質量藝術評論的時代。
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